The kyoto protocol, also known as the kyoto accord, is an international treaty among industrialized nations that sets mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions. Be aware of developments in climate change as they arise, and interpret them in their. Montreal protocol means the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, adopted in montreal on 16 september 1987 and as subsequently adjusted and amended. Handbook for the montreal protocol on substances that. They discovered that chlorofluorocarbons cfcs were the culprit of the ozone depletion.
In contrast to the kyoto protocol, there were elements to the montreal protocol which facilitated its implementation. Montreal protocol vs kyoto protocol the montreal protocol, which was originally established in 1987, was created as a result of the finding of the ozone hole over antarctica by rowland and molina. Thus the montreal protocol has been 10 times more effective 2014. Required greenhouse gases in inventories ghg protocol. Unfccc, kyoto protocol, montreal protocol, pollution. Ozone is a gas that is naturally present in the atmosphere. Since 2005, the world has spent several billion dollars on carbon credits. How not to repeat the mistakes of the kyoto protocol.
Kyoto protocol officially took effect and it focuses on the structure of the kyoto protocol. Abatement costs for kyoto protocol kyoto forever winners, losers, and big losers abatement costs of kyoto protocol with and without u. Pdf over the last thirty years, climate change and depletion of the ozone layer have been widely believed to be the worlds largest environmental. The different climate change protocols operating in the international system 3. Kyoto protocol, the montreal protocol was ratified and enforced by the ratifying nations, leading to a reduction in cfc releases to the atmosphere. The kyoto protocol, december, 1997 whilst the idea of redd became formal at the unfccc th conference of the parties cop in bali in 2007, the seeds for redd were planted in the kyoto protocol. The case of reduced cfc emissions and the montreal protocol, 63 j. We need to keep the issue of climate change on the agenda not just on kyoto obligations. Under the protocol, 37 industrialized countries and the countries in the european community. These amount to an average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the fiveyear period 20082012. Kyoto protocol 1 portrayals of climate change part 1 2. The kyoto protocol and montreal protocol have been integrated into malaysias policy on the environmental protection makmor et al. Kyoto is meant to curb emissions of the greenhouse gases blamed for global warming, but is undermining a separate pact called the montreal protocol.
Montreal, 17 september 2007 international efforts to safeguard earths climate and protect the ozone layer are mutually supportive, say the united nations top climate change and environment officials. The kyoto protocol is an international agreement on the reduction of greenhous gas emissions and on mechanisms aimed at cutting the costs of reducing emissions, in order to address possible changes in the climate. Arabic, chinese, english, french, russian and spanish. The kyoto protocol was adopted at the third session of the conference of parties to the unfccc cop 3 in 1997 in kyoto, japan. In the context of international environmental treaties, the montreal protocol. The montreal protocol and its implications for climate change. The kyoto protocol is an international agreement linked to the united nations framework convention on climate change. For analysis of the kyoto protocol, see pages 14 to 18 of this paper. However, it is basically a shortterm approach to deal with a longterm problem.
It seeks to cut the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances ods in order to protect the earths fragile ozone layer. The kyoto protocol to the united nations framework. In effect, the kyoto protocol requires the worlds developed countries to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 5% from 1990 levels by. The implications to the montreal protocol of the inclusion of hfcs. For the united states, at least, compliance with the montreal protocol would have been justified even if no other country had complied. In 2008, the only nonparties were andorra, holy see, iraq, san marino, timor leste. Cfcs can be considered as nonnecessities in everyday life present in aerosol propellants, for example, whereas the usage of ghgs for essential services is. In contrast, the montreal protocol, the agreement regulating chlorofluorocarbons cfcs, which contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer, has been a huge success.
So, while the montreal protocol provides a reason for. By the kyoto meeting, five and a half years later, it was clear that only a. Ppt montreal protocol powerpoint presentation free to. Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, montreal, 1989 2. Part ii explores the montreal protocol and the role of scientific evidence, european caution, american. The kyoto protocol the protocol is quite complex, reflecting the complicated political, economic, scientific and legal issues raised by humaninduced climate change. Ppt kyoto protocol powerpoint presentation free to. International protocols regarding global climate change. Montreal protocol and its implications for climate change. Concluded at montreal on 16 sep tember 1987 authentic texts.
The large amount of ozone in the part of the upper atmosphere known as the stratosphere is often referred to as the ozone layer. Ods are regulated under the montreal protocol, while hfcs are currently included among the basket of six ghgs2 regulated under the kyoto protocol to the united nations framework convention on climate change hereafter referred to as the kyoto protocol. The montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer a protocol to the vienna convention for the protection of the ozone layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. Convention on biological diversity cbd, nairobi, 1992 4. Originally, the requirements of the unfccc kyoto protocol, and therefore of the ghg protocol, were limited to a set of six individual ghgs or classes of ghgs. Aware of the negative impact of the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer and the climatic changes on the development of large regions of the earth, the international community has lately enforced a series of measures for the protection of the atmosphere. Unlike kyoto, the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer did achieve its goals, limiting ozonedepleting substances, through international cooperation and a carrotsandsticks approach. The major feature of the kyoto protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the european community for reducing greenhouse gas ghg emissions. This comprehensive handbook outlines all amendments and decisions. The benefit to climate achieved by the montreal protocol alone at present greatly exceeds the initial target of the kyoto protocol. Negotiations on the future direction of the montreal. Protocol led to more reductions in greenhouse gases than what is foreseen under the kyoto protocol.
By comparison people talk about the ozone hole or uv rather than the montreal protocol. Each party included in annex i, in achieving its quanti. Resolving conflicts between multilateral environmental. Protocol has been so much more successful than the kyoto protocol, and in the process to shed some light on the prospectsforotherinternationalagreements,includingthosedesignedtocontroltheproblemofclimatechange. Barrett compares the two international treaties kyoto and montreal and lists the necessary ingredients for a successful climate. The montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer is the most successful global environmental agreement in history. The result of more than two years of preparatory discussions and eleven days of oftenintense negotiations in kyoto, the protocol will be opened for signature in march 1998 for.
Kyoto to the united nations framework convention on climate change protocol greenhouse gas emission reductions 3. Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer with annex. Not only has the montreal protocol for the protection of the ozone layer served as a useful example in developing the international climate regime, but policies pursued in both issue areas influence each other. If further measures are to materialise accelerated phase out of hcfcs additional climate benefits could be reaped, possibly as much as taking out again the entire reduction potential of kyoto. Parties present and voting means parties present and casting an affirmative or negative vote. Participation of malaysia under the montreal protocol and. The montreal protocol for substances that deplete the ozone layer is one of the. Importance of the montreal protocol the 1987 montreal protocol restricting the use of ozonedepleting substances has helped both to reduce global warming and to protect the ozone layer. National emission targets specified in the kyoto protocol exclude international aviation and shipping. The kyoto protocol is the only agreement to have emerged from the unfccc process that imposed binding limits on the emission of ghgs. The detailed rules for the implementation of the protocol were adopted at cop 7 in marrakesh, morocco, in 2001, and are referred to as the marrakesh accords. There is one major difference between the two treaties. These accords binds the signing nations to reduce carbon emissions based upon the hypothesis that co2 is. Protection of the ozone layer, it is the most universally ratified multilateral environmental agreement.
The international treaties for the protection of the ozone layer and the global climate are closely related. Projections are that this will lead to a reduction of the hole in the ozone layer. The rio treaty had set the aim of lowering emissions to the 1990 level by the year 2000. The kyoto protocol was adopted in kyoto, japan, on 11 december 1997 and entered into force on 16 february 2005. The montreal protocol largely dealt with a specific class of chemicals, while the kyoto protocol targets the ubiquitous byproduct of all fossil fuel use. The kyoto protocol was really designed to begin a process.
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